Все о неиммиграционных визах в США

[Kunny]

Тема создается во избежание повторения одних и тех же вопросов и для помощи желающим узнать как можно более подробную информацию о путях въезда в США.
Ниже будет выкладываться официальная информация о всех типах неиммиграционных виз в США.

КЛАССИФИКАЦИЯ НЕИММИГРАЦИОННЫХ ВИЗ В США

http://travel.state.gov/visa/temp/types/types_1286.html

B-1 _______Athletes, amateur & professional (compete for prize money only)
J _________Au pairs (exchange visitor)
E-3 _______Australian professional specialty
BCC _______Border Crossing Card: Mexico
B-1 _______Business visitors
A _________Diplomats and foreign government officials
B-1 _______Domestic employees or nanny -must be accompanying a foreign national employer
G1-G5,
NATO _____Employees of a designated international organization, and NATO
J__________Exchange visitors
A-2,
NATO1-6___Foreign military personnel stationed in the U.S.
O__________Foreign nationals with extraordinary ability in Sciences, Arts, Education, Business or Athletics
H-1B1______Free Trade Agreement (FTA) Professionals: Chile, Singapore
Q__________International cultural exchange visitors
L___________Intra-company transferees
B-2_________Medical treatment, visitors for
I___________Media, journalists
TN/TD______NAFTA professional workers: Mexico, Canada
H1-C_______Nurses coming to health professional shortage areas
P__________Performing athletes, artists, entertainers
J, H-1B_____Physician
J__________Professor, scholar, teacher (exchange visitor)
R__________Religious workers
H-1B_______Specialty occupations in fields requiring highly specialized knowledge
F, M_______Students: academic, vocational
H-2A_______Temporary agricultural workers
H-2B_______Temporary workers performing other services or labor of a temporary or seasonal nature
B2_________Tourism, vacation, pleasure visitors
H-3________Training in a program not primarily for employment
E__________Treaty traders/treaty investors
C__________Transiting the United States

K-1________Nonimmigrant Visa for a Fiance(e)
K-3________Nonimmigrant Visa for a Spouse
K-4________Nonimmigrant Visa for the spouse's children

[Kunny]

Ответ: Все о неиммиграционных визах в США

Рабочие визы в США

http://travel.state.gov/visa/temp/types/types_1271.html

Overview and Types of Visas (Classifications)
The Immigration and Nationality Act provides several categories of nonimmigrant visas for a person who wishes to work temporarily in the United States. If you want to work in the U.S. temporarily, under immigration law, you need a specific visa based on the purpose of your travel and type of work you will be doing. To learn more, please seeTemporary WorkersandEmployers-Hiring a Foreign National for Short-Term Employment andEmployer Information on the USCIS website.
There are annual numerical limits on some classifications, which are shown in parentheses. SeeEmployer Information on the USCIS website for information about the numerical limit CAP count, e-Verify, employment authorization, and more.
H-1B
classification applies to persons in a specialty occupation which requires the theoretical and practical application of a body of highly specialized knowledge requiring completion of a specific course of higher education. This classification requires a labor attestation issued by the Secretary of Labor (65,000). This classification also applies to Government-to-Government research and development, or co-production projects administered by the Department of Defense (100);
H-1C
classification applies to foreign nurses coming to perform nursing services in medically underserved areas for a temporary period up to three years. The Nursing Relief for Disadvantaged Areas Act of 1999 (NRDAA) has been reauthorized for an additional three years, and will expire on December 20, 2009. To learn more about the reauthorization of the H-1C program, see Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services Press Release.
H-2A
classification applies to temporary or seasonal agricultural workers;
H-2B
classification applies to temporary or seasonal nonagricultural workers. This classification requires a temporary labor certification issued by the Secretary of Labor (66,000);
H-3
classification applies to trainees other than medical or academic. This classification also applies to practical training in the education of handicapped children (50);
L
classification applies to intracompany transferees who, within the three preceding years, have been employed abroad continuously for one year, and who will be employed by a branch, parent, affiliate, or subsidiary of that same employer in the U.S. in a managerial, executive, or specialized knowledge capacity;
O-1
classification applies to persons who have extraordinary ability in the sciences, arts, education, business, or athletics, or extraordinary achievements in the motion picture and television field;
O-2
classification applies to persons accompanying an O-1 alien to assist in an artistic or athletic performance for a specific event or performance;
P-1
classification applies to individual or team athletes, or members of an entertainment group that are internationally recognized (25,000);
P-2
classification applies to artists or entertainers who will perform under a reciprocal exchange program;
P-3
classification applies to artists or entertainers who perform under a program that is culturally unique (same as P-1); and
Q-1
classification applies to participants in an international cultural exchange program for the purpose of providing practical training, employment, and the sharing of the history, culture, and traditions of the alien's home country.

Petitions
In order to be considered as a nonimmigrant under the above classifications the applicant's prospective employer or agent must file Form I-129, Petition for Nonimmigrant Worker, with the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services in the Department of Homeland Security (USCIS).
Important Note: It is very important for prospective employers to file the petition as soon as possible (but not more than 6 months before the proposed employment will begin) to provide adequate time for petition and subsequent visa processing. Should you need petition processing faster, see Premium Processing Service on USCIS website.
= = = = = = = = = = = = = =
Additional Information
Family Members
With the exception of "Q-1 Cultural Exchange Visitors," the spouse and unmarried, minor children of an applicant under any of the above classifications may also be classified as nonimmigrants in order to accompany or join the principal applicant. A person who has received a visa as the spouse or child of a temporary worker (a petition-based NIV), may not accept employment in the United States (with the exception of spouses of L-1 visa holders - L-2 spouses may engage in employment with an "employment authorized" endorsement or appropriate work permit.) The principal applicant must be able to show that he or she will be able to support his or her family in the United States.
Time Limits
All of the above classifications have fixed time limits in which the alien may perform services in the United States. In some cases those time limits may be extended by USCIS in order to permit the completion of the services. Thereafter, the alien must remain abroad for a fixed period of time before being readmitted as a temporary worker under any classification. USCIS will notify the petitioner on Form I-797 whenever a visa petition, an extension of a visa petition, or an extension of stay is approved under any of the above classifications. The beneficiary may use a copy of Form I-797 to make an appointment to apply for a new or revalidated visa during the validity period of the petition. The approval of a permanent labor certification or the filing of a preference petition for an alien under the H-1 or L classifications shall not be a basis for denying a visa.
Further Inquiries
Questions about filing a petition, qualifications for various classifications, or conditions and limitations on employment should be made by the prospective employer or agent in the United States to the nearest USCIS office. Questions about filing a visa application at a consular section abroad should be addressed to the appropriate consular office abroad. Inquiries about visa cases in progress overseas should contact the appropriate U.S. Embassy or Consulate handling your case.

[Kunny]

Ответ: Все о неиммиграционных визах в США

Туристические и бизнес-визы в США

http://travel.state.gov/visa/temp/types/types_1262.html

The "visitor" visa is a nonimmigrant visa for persons desiring to enter the United States temporarily for business (B-1), for pleasure or medical treatment (B-2), or combination of both (B-1/B-2) purposes.

Business Visitor Visas (B-1)
For example, if the purpose for your planned travel is to consult with business associates, travel for a scientific, educational, professional or business convention, or conference on specific dates, settle an estate, or negotiate a contract, then a business visitor visa (B-1) would be the appropriate type of visa for your travel.

Pleasure, Tourism, Medical Treatment - Visitor Visas (B-2)
As examples, if the purpose of your planned travel is recreational in nature, including tourism, amusement, visits with friends or relatives, rest, medical treatment, and activities of a fraternal, social, or service nature, then a visitor visa (B-2) would be the appropriate type of visa for your travel.

Persons planning to travel to the U.S. for a different purpose such as students, temporary workers, crewmen, journalists, etc., must apply for a different visa in the appropriate category.

NOTE: Representatives of the foreign press, radio, film, journalists or other information media, engaging in that vocation while in the U.S., require a nonimmigrant Media (I) visa and cannot travel to the U.S. using a visitor visa and cannot travel on the visa waiver program, seeking admission by the DHS immigration inspector, at the U.S. at the port of entry.

Business Visitor Visa (B-1) - For business-specific purposes

The chart below is an overview of key groupings of temporary business related travel permitted on business visitor visas B-1

Athlete, professional

Receives no salary or income from a U.S.-based company/entity, other than prize money for participation in a tournament or sporting event. Try-outs for a professional team, but cannot remain in US playing on US team.

Athletes or team members who seek to enter the United States as members of a foreign based team in order to compete with another sports team shall be admitted provided:
(1) The foreign athlete and the foreign sports team have their principal place of business or activity in a foreign country;

(2) The income of the foreign based team and the salary of its players are principally accrued in a foreign country; and

(3) The foreign-based sports team is a member of an international sports league or the sporting activities involved have an international dimension.

Business venture, investor seeking investment
Survey potential sites for a business and/or to lease premises in US. Cannot remain in US to manage business.

Conference, meeting, trade show or business event attendee
Will receive no salary or income from a U.S based company/entity. For scientific, educational, professional or business purposes.

Exposition or trade show employees of foreign exhibitors at international fairs (excludes government representatives)
Will receive no salary or income from a U.S based company/entity. Will plan, assemble, dismantle, maintain, or be employed in connection with exhibits at international fairs or expositions.

Lecturer or speaker
No salary or income from a U.S. based company/entity, other than expenses incidental to the visit. If honorarium will be received, activities can last no longer than nine days at any single institution or organization; payment must be offered by an institution or organization described in INA 212(g); honorarium is for services conducted for the benefit of the institution or entity; and visa applicant will not have accepted such payment or expenses from more than five institutions or organizations over the last six months.

Researcher

Independent research, no salary/income from a US based source, or benefit to US institution.

Sales/selling

Exhibition/taking orders/negotiating and signing contracts for products, which must be produced outside the U.S.

Service engineer (Commercial, Industrial)

Engineer(s) install, service or repair commercial or industrial equipment or machinery sold by a non-US company to a U.S. buyer, when specifically required by the purchase contract.

Installation cannot include construction work, except for supervision or training of US workers to perform construction.

Training

Participating in a training program that is not designed primarily to provide employment. Will receive no payment or income from a U.S. based company/entity, other than an expense allowance or expense reimbursement related to traveler’s stay.

Exchange Visitor Visa - J

The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) is very specific with regard to the requirements, which must be met by applicants to qualify for the exchange visitor (J) visa. The consular officer will determine whether you qualify for the visa. Applicants must demonstrate that they properly meet the requirements to be issued an exchange visitor visa, including the following:

• That they plan to remain in the U.S. for a temporary, specific, limited period;
• Evidence of funds to cover expenses in the United States;
• Evidence of compelling social and economic ties abroad; and other binding ties which will insure their return abroad at the end of the visit.

http://travel.state.gov/visa/temp/ty...es_1267.html#3

ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ИНФОРМАЦИЯ О ПРОГРАММАХ ОБМЕНА

http://exchanges.state.gov/

[Kunny]

Ответ: Все о неиммиграционных визах в США

Безвизовое посещение США

http://travel.state.gov/visa/temp/types/types_1262.html

Visa Waiver Program
Travelers coming to the U.S. for tourism or business for 90 days or less from qualified countries may be eligible to visit the U.S. without a visa if they meet the visa waiver program requirements.
Currently, 27 countries participate in the Visa Waiver Program, as shown below:

Visa Waiver Program - Participating Countries
Andorra
Iceland
Norway
Australia
Ireland
Portugal
Austria
Italy
San Marino
Belgium
Japan
Singapore
Brunei
Liechtenstein
Slovenia
Denmark
Luxembourg
Spain
Finland
Monaco
Sweden
Francethe
Netherlands
Switzerland
Germany
New Zealand
United Kingdom

Important Notices:
On October 17, 2008, President Bush announced the imminent expansion of the Visa Waiver Program(VWP) to include the

Czech Republic,
Estonia,
Latvia,
Lithuania,
Hungary,
Republic of Korea
and the
Slovak Republic

beginning on November 17, 2008.

Nationals of these countries will be able to travel without a visa for tourist and business travel of 90 days or less beginning on November 17 provided they possess a biometric passport and register on-line through the Electronic System for Travel Authorization (ESTA).

Travel on the Visa Waiver Program (VWP)
Information for New Member Countries
You may be eligible for VWP travel if you can answer
“YES” to all of the below questions:
□ Are you a citizen or national of a Visa Waiver Program member country?
 If you are a citizen of the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Republic of Korea, or the Slovak Republic, you are eligible for VWP travel on or after November 17, 2008.
□ Does your passport meet the VWP passport requirements?
 Machine-readable passports issued or renewed/extended on or after 10/26/06 must have an inte-grated chip with information from the data page (e-Passport).
 If you are a citizen of the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Republic of Korea, or the Slovak Republic, you must travel on a passport with an integrated chip (e-passport) to be eligible for VWP travel. (See CBP Website below for more about e-passports.)
 Your passport must be valid for six months past your expected stay in the United States (country-specific agreements may provide exemptions).
 You must not have reported your passport lost or stolen.
□ Is the purpose of your stay in the United States 90 days or less for tourism or business and can you demonstrate sufficient funds to support yourself? (Note: Travel for media/journalists, students, or employment is not permitted on VWP.)
 Transit through the United States is generally permitted.
 If in doubt, check with the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate.
□ Have you complied with the conditions of previous admissions to the United States and have not been found ineligible for a U.S. visa?
 If you have been arrested, even if the arrest did not result in a criminal conviction, have a criminal record, have certain serious communicable illnesses, have been refused admission into, or have been deported from, the United States, or have previously overstayed on the VWP, you may not be eligi-ble for VWP travel and should not attempt to travel without a visa.
 If you have been refused a U.S. visa under Section 212 of the Immigration and Nationality Act, you may not be eligible for VWP travel and should contact the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate for additional information.
□ If arriving by air or sea, are you traveling on an approved carrier and do you have a re-turn ticket abroad?
 Travelers with onward tickets terminating in Mexico, Canada, Bermuda, or the Caribbean Islands must be legal permanent residents of those areas.
□ Do you have an approved ESTA?
 An ESTA authorization is required for new VWP member countries as of their date of admission into the VWP program. An ESTA authorization is required for current VWP member countries as of Janu-ary 12, 2009.
 See www.cbp.gov/esta for additional information on applying for an ESTA.
About entry into the United States: Please note that neither possession of a valid passport, nor meeting the basic requirements for traveling visa-free on the VWP, guarantees admission to the United States. As with most countries, immigration officials at the port of entry make the final determination of admissibility.

[Kunny]

Ответ: Все о неиммиграционных визах в США

Студенческие визы

The Immigration and Nationality Act provides two nonimmigrant visa categories for persons wishing to study in the United States.
F
visa is reserved for nonimmigrants wishing to pursue academic studies and/or language training programs

M
visa is reserved for nonimmigrants wishing to pursue nonacademic or vocational studies.

F-Academic Students and M-Vocational Students Requirements

Foreign students seeking to study in the U.S. may enter in the F-1 or M-1 category provided they meet the following criteria:
The student must be enrolled in an "academic" educational program, a language-training program, or a vocational program;
The school must be approved by U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS);
The student must be enrolled as a full-time student at the institution;
The student must be proficient in English or be enrolled in courses leading to English proficiency;
The student must have sufficient funds available for self-support during the entire proposed course of study; and
The student must maintain a residence abroad which he/she has no intention of giving up.

How long may I stay on my F-1 student visa?



When you enter the United States on a student visa, you will usually be admitted for the duration of your student status. That means you may stay as long as you are a full time student, even if the F-1 visa in your passport expires while you are in America. For a student who has completed the course of studies shown on the I-20, and any authorized practical training, the student is allowed the following additional time in the U.S. before departure:

• F-1 student - An additional 60 days, to prepare for departure from the U.S. or to transfer to another school.
• M-1 student - An additional 30 days to depart the U.S. (Fixed time period, in total not to exceed one year). The 30 days to prepare for departure is permitted as long as the student maintained a full course of study and maintained status. An M student may receive extensions up to three years for the total program.

http://travel.state.gov/visa/temp/types/types_1268.html


ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ОФИЦИАЛЬНАЯ ИНФОРМАЦИЯ О СТУДЕНЧЕСКИХ ВИЗАХ

http://educationusa.state.gov/

[Kunny]

Ответ: Все о неиммиграционных визах в США

Визы невесты/жениха

http://travel.state.gov/visa/immigrants/types/types_2994.html

http://travel.state.gov/visa/immigrants/types/types_2993.html

K-1
Nonimmigrant Visa for a Fiance(e)
A fiancé(e) is a person who is engaged or contracted to be married. The marriage must be legally possible according to laws of the state in the United States where the marriage will take place.
In general, the two people must have met in person within the past two years. The Department of Homeland Security's U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) grants some exceptions to this requirement. For example, it may be contrary in some traditions for a man and woman to meet before marriage.
Sometimes the USCIS considers a person a "fiancé(e)" even though a marriage contract has been concluded. In such cases, the American citizen petitioner and his/her spouse have not met, and they have not consummated the marriage.

K-3/К-4
Nonimmigrant Visa for a Spouse
Spouses of U.S. citizens, and the spouse's children, can come to the United States on nonimmigrant visas (K-3 and K-4) and wait in the United States to complete the immigration process. Before a K-4 visa can be issued to a child, the parent must have a K-3 visa or be in K-3 status.
What Is a "Spouse"?
A spouse is a legally wedded husband or wife. Cohabiting partners do not qualify as spouses for immigration purposes. Common-law spouses may qualify as spouses for immigration purposes depending on the laws of the country where the common-law marriage occurs. In cases of polygamy only the first spouse qualifies as a spouse for immigration.U.S. law does not allow polygamy. If you were married before, you and your spouse must show that you ended (terminated) all previous marriages before your current marriage. The death and divorce documents that show termination of marriages must be legal and verifiable in the country that issued them. Divorces must be final. In cases of legal marriage to two or more spouses at the same time, or marriages overlapping for a period of time, you may file only for the first spouse.

[mister]

Ответ: Все о неиммиграционных визах в США

А вот почти то же самое, но на понятном всем языке.

НЕИММИГРАЦИОННЫЕ (ВРЕМЕННЫЕ) ВИЗЫ
ОБЩИЙ ОБЗОР

Существует большое количество временных виз для различных целей, срок действия которых может варьироваться от нескольких дней до нескольких лет. Некоторые из таких виз, прежде чем они могут быть выданы Госдепартаментом США, подлежат предварительному одобрению в Службе по делам гражданства и иммиграции США (USCIS). Другие выдаются Госдепартаментом без предварительного одобрения. Визы могут быть выданы как основным заявителям, так и зависимым от них лицам (супругам и несовершеннолетним детям).
Следует различать понятие визы и личного статуса, несмотря на то, что они имеют одинаковую систему обозначений в алфавитном порядке (в соответствии с положениями Закона об иммиграции и гражданстве США). Виза является документом, вклеенным в паспорт лица. Она служит "билетом", что иностранный гражданин может подняться на борт самолета, направляющегося в США. Личный статус – это правовое положение лица, определяющие условия его пребывания в США и период времени, который он может там находиться. Индивидуальный личный статус устанавливается USCIS в момент прибытия лица на границу или пункт пограничного контроля и может быть изменен или продлен в одном из сервисных центров USCIS.



Выделяют следующие виды временных виз:

1. 1. 1. a. Визы для работников дипломатических служб (и членов их семей);
      2. b. Визы для деловых целей (В-1) или туристические визы (В-2);
      3. c. Транзитные визы (для проезда через аэропорт или морской порт);
      4. d. Визы членов экипажа морских и воздушных судов;
      5. e. Визы инвесторов или торговых представителей (для граждан, с которыми у США заключен соответствующий договор);
      6. f. Студенческие визы;
      7. g. Визы для сотрудников международных организаций (Международный валютный фонд, Корпорация частных зарубежных инвестиций, Организация американских государств, Международный Красный Крест и др.);
      8. h. Временные рабочие визы. Могут быть для работы по специальности (Н-1В), медсестрой (Н-1С), в сельском хозяйстве (Н-2А), на временных или сезонных работах (Н-2В) или для прохождения стажировки (Н-3);
      9. i. Визы сотрудников средств массовой информации;
      10. j. Визы по программам обмена (образовательные программы студенческого обмена, au-pair, программы обмена выпускников медицинских вузов, студенческие стажировки, программы обмена для профессоров и научных работников, воспитателей в летних лагерях);
      11. k. Визы невесты/жениха и визы супруги/супруга;
      12. l. Визы для перевода сотрудников внутри компании;
      13. m. Визы для лиц, направляющихся на учебу в США (для изучения языка или получения профессионального образования);
      14. n. Визы для сотрудников НАТО;
      15. o. Визы для лиц с выдающимися способностями;
      16. p. Визы для спортсменов и развлекательных групп (например, оркестра) и обслуживающего персонала;
      17. q. Визы по программам культурного обмена (например, для участников фестиваля народной музыки);
      18. r. Визы работников религиозных организаций;
      19. s. Виза для лиц, сообщивших о преступлении;
      20. t. Визы лиц, ставших жертвами международной работорговли;
      21. u. Визы, выдаваемые лицам, подпадающим под условия Североамериканского соглашения о свободе торговли (НАФТА);
      22. v. Визы лиц, ставших жертвами преступной деятельности;
      23. w. Визы супругов и несовершеннолетних детей постоянных жителей США, ожидающих выдачи Грин карт.

Тут еще много чего полезного, кстати ссылку брал на заметку с нашего форума.


PS. Движок форума нагло заменяет перечень букв на цифры. Пришлось вручную дописывать категории виз.

[Kunny]

Ответ: Все о неиммиграционных визах в США

На русском языке - это хорошо.
Только, во-первых, я уже налюбовалась на ошибки перевода (причем, весьма существенные) в случае с разъяснениями к DV-2010.
Во-вторых, указанный сайт - это фирма-посредник, которая все равно не даст полную информацию, им интересно, чтобы за подробностями вы шли к ним.
В-третьих, в различных аспектах законодательного плана постоянно происходят какие-либо изменения. Следит ли за ними фирма-посредник? Скорее всего. Оперативно ли вносит эти изменения в информацию на своем сайте? Неизвестно, но довольно спорно.
Так что хочешь-не хочешь, рано или поздно придется обращаться к первоисточнику, т.е. на сайт Госдепартамента США. Точнее, чем там, нигде не найдешь.

[mister]

Ответ: Все о неиммиграционных визах в США

я уже налюбовалась на ошибки перевода (причем, весьма существенные) в случае с разъяснениями к DV-2010

и не говорите, там в КСС наверное вражья морда переводит на русский язык, чтобы меньше претендентов осталось на лотерею. Косяков немеряно, хоть и на оффициальном сайте

А вот что касается на каком языке, то тут натуральная дилема. Или неправильно понять смысл документа, прочитанного на неродном языке, либо получить неправильно переведенный смысл. Палка о двух концах. Это вам там легко, когда вы в английской среде крутитесь круглосуточно, а некоторым, живущим на родине, английский дается не гладко.



ЗЫ. Я когда штудировал инструкцию к ДВ 2010, то сначала прочел ее в русском варианте за прошлый год, а потом перевод сделанный компьютером правил скачанных с официального сайта. Все косяки сделанные программой-переводчиком стали легко исправимы, когда уже знаешь приблизительный перевод по примеру с прошлого года. Так что наличие двух вариантов на двух языках облегчает понимание.

[Kunny]

Ответ: Все о неиммиграционных визах в США

А вот что касается на каком языке, то тут натуральная дилема. Или неправильно понять смысл документа, прочитанного на неродном языке, либо получить неправильно переведенный смысл. Палка о двух концах. Это вам там легко, когда вы в английской среде крутитесь круглосуточно, а некоторым, живущим на родине, английский дается не гладко.

В любом случае - и от первоисточника, и от перевода, который вы привели, у читающего будут вопросы. Я всегда считала, что лучше задавать вопросы, отталкиваясь от правильного варианта, чем от возможно правильного.

ЗЫ. Я когда штудировал инструкцию к ДВ 2010, то сначала прочел ее в русском варианте за прошлый год, а потом перевод сделанный компьютером правил скачанных с официального сайта. Все косяки сделанные программой-переводчиком стали легко исправимы, когда уже знаешь приблизительный перевод по примеру с прошлого года. Так что наличие двух вариантов на двух языках облегчает понимание.

И даже после этого вы форум штудировали капитально, не так ли? И остальным советовали не смотреть в перевод Было, было
Вы просто еще не плотно начали изучать и сравнивать информацию по визам. Когда вгрызетесь, схватитесь за голову и снова пойдете штудировать первоисточник. Глядишь, и язык подтянется